{"id":89,"date":"2012-02-03T12:37:54","date_gmt":"2012-02-03T12:37:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/oxfordhealth.nhs.uk\/library\/?page_id=89"},"modified":"2026-06-29T10:58:30","modified_gmt":"2026-06-29T09:58:30","slug":"critical-appraisal-skills-programme","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/oxfordhealth.nhs.uk\/library\/resources\/online-tutorials\/critical-appraisal-skills-programme\/","title":{"rendered":"Critical Appraisal guides, tools and tutorials"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Healthcare staff need to know how to appraise and interpret the research literature in order to effectively apply it for the benefit of patients. The skills in interpreting research studies are commonly known as critical appraisal skills.<\/p>\n<p>The library service holds a number of resources to assist those wishing to gain these skills. These include workbooks for those wanting to learn at their own pace via self-directed learning and toolkits of worked examples and guided exercises for those wanting to set up regular CASP workshop meetings with a small group of colleagues.<\/p>\n<p>Library staff are available to assist with the facilitation of CASP workshops. You can fill\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/oxfordhealth.nhs.uk\/library\/?page_id=87\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">our training form<\/a>\u00a0to request group or individual session.<\/p>\n<details class=\"nhsuk-details nhsuk-expander\">\n                    <summary class=\"nhsuk-details__summary\">\n                        <span class=\"nhsuk-details__summary-text\">Articles<\/span>\n                    <\/summary>\n                    <div class=\"nhsuk-details__text\">\n<div id=\"s-lg-box-collapse-8725228\">\n<div class=\"s-lib-box-content\">\n<div id=\"s-lg-content-21746723\" class=\" clearfix\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21846075\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Howland,\u00a0R.H. (2011), &#8216;Publication bias and outcome reporting bias:\u00a0agomelatine\u00a0as a case example&#8217;,\u00a0<em>Journal of Psychosocial Nursing &amp; Mental Health Services,<\/em> 49(9): 11-4.\u00a0DOI: 10.3928\/02793695-20110809-01<\/a> (Requires <strong>OpenAthens<\/strong> authentication)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ebm.bmj.com\/content\/early\/2023\/08\/23\/bmjebm-2023-112400.citation-tools\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Naicker R, Nunan DCatalogue of bias: racial biasBMJ Evidence-Based Medicine Published Online First: 24 August 2023. doi: 10.1136\/bmjebm-2023-112400<\/a> (Requires <strong>OpenAthens<\/strong> authentication)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n                <\/details>\n<details class=\"nhsuk-details nhsuk-expander\">\n                    <summary class=\"nhsuk-details__summary\">\n                        <span class=\"nhsuk-details__summary-text\">Books and eBooks<\/span>\n                    <\/summary>\n                    <div class=\"nhsuk-details__text\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/swims.koha.openfifth.net\/cgi-bin\/koha\/opac-shelves.pl?op=view&amp;shelfnumber=160\">Critical Appraisal books\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/swims.koha.openfifth.net\/cgi-bin\/koha\/opac-shelves.pl?op=view&amp;shelfnumber=163\">Statistics books<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n                <\/details>\n<details class=\"nhsuk-details nhsuk-expander\">\n                    <summary class=\"nhsuk-details__summary\">\n                        <span class=\"nhsuk-details__summary-text\">Checklists<\/span>\n                    <\/summary>\n                    <div class=\"nhsuk-details__text\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/amstar.ca\/Amstar_Checklist.php\">AMSTAR (A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews)<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Assessment of Multiple systematic reviews is a 37-item assessment tool used to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.casp-uk.net\/#!checklists\/cb36\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CASP critical appraisal checklists<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Tools for systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, and case control studies<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cebm.ox.ac.uk\/resources\/ebm-tools\/critical-appraisal-tools\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CEBM critical appraisal checklists<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Critical appraisal worksheets to help you appraise the reliability, importance and applicability of clinical evidence.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cebm.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/gatepresentationoxford2012-rod-jackson.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GATE: Graphic Approach To Evidence Based Practice<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">PDF presentation on how to use this tool.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jbi.global\/critical-appraisal-tools\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JBI: Critical appraisal tools<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">CATs for a range of study types: case control, case reports, cohort, diagnostic test , economic evaluations, prevalence, quasi-experimental, RCTs, SRs and more<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1046\/j.1445-2197.2003.02748.x\/epdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Methodological index for non-randomized studies (MINORS)<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">MINORS is an instrument designed to assess the methodological quality of non-randomized surgical studies, whether comparative or non-comparative<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pedro.org.au\/english\/downloads\/pedro-scale\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database) scale<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Developed to support evidence-based practice in physiotherapy, PEDro can be used to find trials, reviews and guidelines evaluating physiotherapy interventions. Trials are assessed for quality using the PEDro scale. Aimed at a global audience and produced in Australia by the Institute for Musculoskeletal Health.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sign.ac.uk\/what-we-do\/methodology\/checklists\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SIGN (Scottish\u00a0intercollegiate guidelines network) critical appraisal checklist<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">The application of a CAT (&#8216;CASP&#8217;)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n<div id=\"s-lg-content-47370911\" class=\" clearfix\">\n<p>The Cochrane Common Mental Disorders group have produced 7 videos demonstrating the application of\u00a0the CASP checklist to different study designs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\n<ul id=\"s-lg-link-list-50136271\" class=\"s-lg-link-list s-lg-link-list-2\">\n<li class=\"\">\n<div id=\"s-lg-content-47370924\" class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/H8Y-yfi3vp4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1. Introduction to critical appraisal<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\">\n<div id=\"s-lg-content-47370930\" class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/NijldKW32H4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2. Systematic reviews and meta analysis<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\">\n<div id=\"s-lg-content-47370934\" class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FlQVQz5d02s&amp;list=PLKav5fAJIAOJark_WyTcOb_wKIwjNJ35s&amp;index=3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3. Randomised controlled trials<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\">\n<div id=\"s-lg-content-47370937\" class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=uK7hnthu130&amp;list=PLKav5fAJIAOJark_WyTcOb_wKIwjNJ35s&amp;index=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4. Cohort studies<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\">\n<div id=\"s-lg-content-47370938\" class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=tmpy62VXtCs&amp;list=PLKav5fAJIAOJark_WyTcOb_wKIwjNJ35s&amp;index=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">5. Case control studies<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\">\n<div id=\"s-lg-content-47370942\" class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=muGA7FKekaU&amp;list=PLKav5fAJIAOJark_WyTcOb_wKIwjNJ35s&amp;index=6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">6. Cross sectional studies<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\">\n<div id=\"s-lg-content-47370944\" class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0hxHg-geINM&amp;list=PLKav5fAJIAOJark_WyTcOb_wKIwjNJ35s&amp;index=7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">7. Diagnostic studies<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n                <\/details>\n<details class=\"nhsuk-details nhsuk-expander\">\n                    <summary class=\"nhsuk-details__summary\">\n                        <span class=\"nhsuk-details__summary-text\">e-Learning<\/span>\n                    <\/summary>\n                    <div class=\"nhsuk-details__text\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 38.5738%\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/training.cochrane.org\/cochrane-methodology\">Cochrane methodology<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 61.4262%\">Learning resources on key areas of Cochrane review methodology<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 38.5738%\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.e-lfh.org.uk\/programmes\/critically-appraising-the-evidence-base\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Critically appraising the evidence base<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 61.4262%\">The critical appraisal programme has been designed to enable the healthcare workforce (clinical and non-clinical) to build confidence in the critical appraisal process when applying and evaluating research. You will need your OpenAthens account.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 38.5738%\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/training.cochrane.org\/essentials\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Evidence Essentials (Cochrane training)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 61.4262%\">Cochrane Evidence Essentials is an introduction to Evidence Based Medicine, clinical trials and Cochrane evidence. It is designed for healthcare consumers (patients, care givers, family members), policy makers and members of the healthcare team<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 38.5738%\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pq-edu.com\/Platforms\/ProQuest%20Platform\/PQP_HRPC_HMC_StudyDesignsinEvidenceBasedMedicine\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Study Designs in Evidence-Based Medicine (ProQuest)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 61.4262%\">This module explores how to locate relevant terms for various study designs in the ProQuest Thesaurus and other fields and how to execute efficient searches for various study designs corresponding to the main Levels of Evidence. It is intended for\u00a0 medical and nursing faculty, students, and researchers. It is recommended that you complete the ProQuest &#8211; Thesaurus module on the ProQuest Platform LibGuide first<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n                <\/details>\n<details class=\"nhsuk-details nhsuk-expander\">\n                    <summary class=\"nhsuk-details__summary\">\n                        <span class=\"nhsuk-details__summary-text\">Evaluating grey literature<\/span>\n                    <\/summary>\n                    <div class=\"nhsuk-details__text\">\n<h3>Using grey literature<\/h3>\n<p>Grey literature can be produced in various formats and be written in different styles.<\/p>\n<p>Here are some articles showing the debate about and the use of grey literature in research.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/EL-02-2017-0039\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Schopfel, J. and Rasuli, B. (2018), <strong>Are electronic theses and dissertations (still) grey literature in the digital age? A FAIR debate<\/strong>, The Electronic Library, Vol. 36 No. 2, pp. 208-219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/EL-02-2017-0039<\/a> (Requires <strong>OpenAthens<\/strong> authentication)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29266844\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"author\">Paez A<\/span>. (2017), <strong><span class=\"articleTitle\">Gray literature: An important resource in systematic reviews<\/span><\/strong>.\u00a0<i>J Evid Based Med<\/i>; <span class=\"vol\">10<\/span>:\u00a0<span class=\"pageFirst\">233<\/span>\u2013<span class=\"pageLast\">240<\/span>.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.orr\/10.1111\/jebm.12266<\/a> \u00a0(Requires <strong>OpenAthens<\/strong> authentication)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/15323269.2011.587100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pappas, C. and Williams, I.,( 2011),<strong>\u00a0Grey literature: its emerging importance<\/strong>.\u00a0<i>Journal of Hospital Librarianship<\/i>,\u00a0<i>11<\/i>(3), pp.228-234.<\/a> (<strong><a href=\"mailto:library.enquiries@oxfordhealth.nhs.uk\">Contact the library<\/a> <\/strong>to request this article)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/openaccess.city.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/21024\/1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bell, D.,( 2018), <strong>Unlocking grey literature in the social sciences<\/strong>. <i>ALISS Quarterly<\/i>,\u00a0<i>14<\/i>(1), pp.8-11.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34022394\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clyne, B., Walsh, K. A., O&#8217;Murchu, E., Sharp, M. K., Comber, L., O&#8217; Brien, K. K., Smith, S. M., Harrington, P., O&#8217;Neill, M., Teljeur, C., &amp; Ryan, M. (2021). <strong>Using preprints in evidence synthesis: Commentary on experience during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/strong>\u00a0<i>Journal of clinical epidemiology<\/i>,\u00a0<i>138<\/i>, 203\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.05.010<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Grey literature assessment tools<\/h3>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%\">Use the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/oxfordhealth.nhs.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/01\/AACODS_Checklist.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u2018AACODS\u2019 checklist<\/a>, from Flinders University, South Australia, designed as a memory aid in evaluating grey literature:-<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>A<\/strong> Authority<\/li>\n<li><strong style=\"font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit\">A<\/strong><span style=\"font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit\"> Accuracy<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong style=\"font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit\">C<\/strong><span style=\"font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit\"> Coverage<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong style=\"font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit\">O<\/strong><span style=\"font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit\"> Objectivity<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong style=\"font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit\">D<\/strong><span style=\"font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit\"> Date<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong style=\"font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit\">S<\/strong><span style=\"font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit\"> Significance<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18791806\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DARTS<\/a>\u00a0can be used to evaluate grey literature, and can easily be adapted into a spreadsheet for tracking purposes.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Date<\/strong>: when was the content last updated?<\/li>\n<li><strong>Author<\/strong>: who created the content?<\/li>\n<li><strong>References<\/strong>: are there valid references to other content?<\/li>\n<li><strong>Type:<\/strong> what is the purpose of the content? Where is it featured?<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sponsor<\/strong>: is the content sponsored, and by whom?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6194721\/\">QUality Evaluation Scoring Tool (QUEST)<\/a>\u00a0is a 28-point system for evaluating online health information, and can be useful for comparing a large number of resources.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Authorship<\/strong>: 0 (no indication), 1 (some indication), 2 (author&#8217;s name and qualification listed)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Attribution<\/strong>: 0 (no references), 1 (some references; may not be credible studies), 2 (reference to at least one identifiable scientific study), 3 (references to identifiable scientific studies in &gt;50% of claims)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conflict of interest<\/strong>: 0 (endorsement of related intervention or treatment), 1 (endorsement of educational products\/services), 2 (unbiased)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Currency<\/strong>: 0 (no date present), 1 (dated\u00a05 years or older), 2 (dated within 5 years)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Complementarity<\/strong>: 0 (no support of patient-physician relationship), 1 (support of patient-physician relationship)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tone<\/strong>: 0 (author fully and unequivocally supports claims, using strong language), 1 (author mainly supports claims with more cautious language, but does not discuss limitations), 2 (author&#8217;s claims are cautious and balanced, and discusses limitations\/contrasting findings)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>Appraising sources<\/h3>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.ifla.org\/lpa\/2017\/01\/27\/alternative-facts-and-fake-news-verifiability-in-the-information-society\/\">Alternative Facts and Fake News \u2013 Verifiability in the Information Society IFLA<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Blog of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.imperial.ac.uk\/admin-services\/library\/learning-support\/information-and-research-skills\/evaluating-information\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Evaluating information<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Guides and tutorials on evaluation of information from the Imperial College London library services<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Verification skills tutorials<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yBU2sDlUbp8&amp;t=76s\">Video 1: Introductory Video<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hB6qjIxKltA\">Video 2: Investigate the Source<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=tRZ-N3OvvUs\">Video 3: Find the Original Source<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wJG7kFmS0FE\">Video 4: Look for Trusted Work<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Fact checking Tools<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7eKG9RuqUE4\">Video 1: Verifying Images and Videos<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0eIfjo1_Ro4\">Video 2: Looking up Claims and Website Owners<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=SgLqvgv11zA\">Video 3: Evaluating Social Media Accounts<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fullfact.org\/health\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Get the facts on health<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">Fact checks about medical conditions, the NHS, social care and government funding of national health services<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n                <\/details>\n<details class=\"nhsuk-details nhsuk-expander\">\n                    <summary class=\"nhsuk-details__summary\">\n                        <span class=\"nhsuk-details__summary-text\">Glossaries<\/span>\n                    <\/summary>\n                    <div class=\"nhsuk-details__text\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/epoc.cochrane.org\/sites\/epoc.cochrane.org\/files\/public\/uploads\/SURE-Guides-v2.1\/Collectedfiles\/source\/glossary.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Glossary<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n                <\/details>\n<details class=\"nhsuk-details nhsuk-expander\">\n                    <summary class=\"nhsuk-details__summary\">\n                        <span class=\"nhsuk-details__summary-text\">Statistics guides<\/span>\n                    <\/summary>\n                    <div class=\"nhsuk-details__text\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oxfordhealth.nhs.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/01\/What_are_Conf_Intervals.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bandolier: What are confidence intervals and p-values?<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%\">BMJ Learning module &#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/learning.bmj.com\/learning\/module-intro\/.html?channelCode=&amp;channelFamilyConfig=bmj&amp;moduleId=5003158&amp;searchTerm=%E2%80%9Cstatistics%E2%80%9D&amp;page=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Understanding statistics 2: is there a significant difference<\/a> \u00a0(requires a subscription)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nntonline.net\/topics\/akt-revision\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chris Cates explains: AKT statistics<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n                <\/details>\n<details class=\"nhsuk-details nhsuk-expander\">\n                    <summary class=\"nhsuk-details__summary\">\n                        <span class=\"nhsuk-details__summary-text\">Toolkits<\/span>\n                    <\/summary>\n                    <div class=\"nhsuk-details__text\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/catalogofbias.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Catalogue of Bias<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">A collaborative project mapping all the biases that affect health evidence<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ebm.bmj.com\/content\/early\/2023\/08\/23\/bmjebm-2023-112400\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Catalogue of bias: racial bias.\u00a0<i>BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine (2023)<\/i>. by<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ebm.bmj.com\/content\/early\/2023\/08\/23\/bmjebm-2023-112400\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Naicker, R. and Nunan, D<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">(access with\u00a0<a title=\"Athens\" href=\"https:\/\/oxfordhealth.nhs.uk\/library\/?page_id=73\">NHS OpenAthens<\/a>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cebm.ox.ac.uk\/resources\/ebm-tools\/catmaker-and-ebm-calculators\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CATmaker<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">A software tool which helps you create Critically Appraised Topics, for key articles you encounter about Therapy, Diagnosis, Prognosis, Aetiology\/Harm and Systematic Reviews of Therapy.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebm.med.ualberta.ca\/ebm.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Evidence-Based Medicine Toolkit<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">A collection of tools for identifying, assessing and applying relevant evidence for better health care decision-making.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.understandinghealthresearch.org\/\">Understanding health research<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">This tool will guide you through a series of questions to help you to review and interpret a published health research paper.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n                <\/details>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Healthcare staff need to know how to appraise and interpret the research literature in order to effectively apply it for the benefit of patients. The skills in interpreting research studies are commonly known as critical appraisal skills. The library service holds a number of resources to assist those wishing to gain these skills. These include <a class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/oxfordhealth.nhs.uk\/library\/resources\/online-tutorials\/critical-appraisal-skills-programme\/\">&#8230; Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":201953,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-89","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oxfordhealth.nhs.uk\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/89","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oxfordhealth.nhs.uk\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oxfordhealth.nhs.uk\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oxfordhealth.nhs.uk\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oxfordhealth.nhs.uk\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=89"}],"version-history":[{"count":56,"href":"https:\/\/oxfordhealth.nhs.uk\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/89\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":205527,"href":"https:\/\/oxfordhealth.nhs.uk\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/89\/revisions\/205527"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oxfordhealth.nhs.uk\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/201953"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oxfordhealth.nhs.uk\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=89"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}